Rare quadruple malaria infection in Irian Jaya Indonesia

We report an exceptional finding from a blood slide collected in a remote area in the western half of New Guinea Island (Irian Jaya Province, Indonesia). One adolescent patient was found patently coinfected with all 4 known human malaria species, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale. Diagnostic erythrocytic stages of all 4 species were clearly seen in the peripheral blood. A nested polymerase chain reaction, using species-specific primer pairs to detect DNA, helped substantiate this finding. Previous reports from Africa, Thailand, and New Guinea have detected all 4 species in a population but not simultaneously in an individual with a patent, microscopically detectable infection. We believe this quadruple infection represents the first reported natural case of all 4 human malaria parasites observed concurrently in the peripheral blood from a single Giemsa-stained slide.