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Related Concept Videos

Joints01:26

Joints

Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
Structural joint classifications are based on the material that makes up the joint as well as whether or not the joint contains a space between the bones. Joints are structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.
Fibrous Joints Are Immovable
The bones of a...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Introduction to Joints00:58

Introduction to Joints

The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no movement.
Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...
Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

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Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
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Periarticular neural elements in the shoulder joint.

C A Guanche1, J Noble, M Solomonow

  • 1Minneapolis Sports Medicine Center, Minn 55454, USA.

Orthopedics
|July 1, 1999
PubMed
Summary

Neural elements in the glenohumeral joint ligaments were identified, suggesting a non-random distribution. These findings may correlate with specific ligament functions in shoulder joint positioning.

Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Neuroscience
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • The glenohumeral joint requires regulatory mechanisms for spatial positioning due to its inherent instability.
  • The specific neural mechanisms governing glenohumeral joint proprioception remain incompletely understood anatomically.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To anatomically evaluate the neural elements within the human glenohumeral joint ligaments and capsule.
  • To determine if the distribution of neural receptors in these structures is random or functionally correlated.

Main Methods:

  • Dissection of three fresh-frozen adult human cadaveric shoulders.
  • Histological analysis of superior, middle, and inferior glenohumeral ligaments, shoulder capsule, and proximal biceps tendon.
  • Modified gold chloride staining and light microscopy for neural element identification.

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Main Results:

  • Neural elements, including Golgi's, Ruffini's, Pacini's corpuscles, and free nerve endings, were found in glenohumeral ligaments and capsule.
  • The superior glenohumeral ligament contained 45% neural elements (predominantly Ruffini's and Golgi's).
  • Middle (42%) and inferior (48%) glenohumeral ligaments showed all four receptor types, with Ruffini's and Pacini's being common.
  • Shoulder capsule had Ruffini's and Pacini's receptors (47.5%); only free nerve endings were in the biceps tendon and glenoid labrum.

Conclusions:

  • The distribution pattern of neural elements within the glenohumeral joint capsule and ligaments is not random.
  • These findings suggest a potential correlation between specific neural receptors and the functional roles of glenohumeral ligaments in proprioception.