Hypothyroidism protects rat liver from acetaminophen hepatotoxicity

Recent data from animal studies suggest that induced hypothyroidism inhibits the development of liver injury in several animal models, including liver cirrhosis and fulminant hepatic failure in rats, and immune-mediated acute liver injury in mice. The aim of the present study was to determine whether hypothyroidism would likewise prevent acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage in rats. Liver damage was induced by acetaminophen (2 g/kg) administered by gavage to fasting rats as a single dose. Hypothyroidism was induced by methimazole, propylthiouracil, or surgical thyroidectomy and confirmed by elevated serum levels of TSH. Hypothyroidism significantly inhibited acetaminophen-induced liver damage as manifested by the decreased serum levels of liver enzymes, malondialdehyde and blood ammonia, as well as by the higher hepatic glutathione content, in all three groups of hypothyroid rats compared to euthyroid controls (P < 0.01). Histopathologic analysis showed significantly less liver necrosis and inflammation in the acetaminophen-treated hypothyroid rats. Oxygen extraction, measured in isolated perfused rat liver preparation, was also reduced in the hypothyroid livers to 42+/-8% compared to 81+/-14% of controls (P < 0.01). However, the expression of CYP2E1 in the livers of hypothyroid rats, as measured by western blot analysis, was not decreased compared to control rats. These results suggest that induced hypothyroidism, regardless of the mode of induction, protects rat liver from acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. This effect may be related to hypometabolism of liver cells, but the exact mechanism needs further clarification.