The internal critical level concept of nonspecific toxicity

The internal lethal concentration (ILC) can be an effective approach in describing the toxicity of a chemical to aquatic organisms that can complement the use of the external toxic concentration characteristic of the LC50. The ILC is an estimate of the toxicant concentration close to the target site and can be estimated from bioconcentration relationships and acute toxicity data. The observed ILC values were found to be consistent for organic compounds exerting the same mode of toxic action. The nonspecific toxicants have the lowest toxicity and the highest ILC values, whereas the chemicals exhibiting specific modes of action have lower concentrations and higher toxicity. There are some reports that the ILC value decreases with increasing exposure periods for various organic chemicals with aquatic organisms. The nonspecific toxicants possibly exhibit their toxic action at the target site by at least two different mechanisms depending on the toxicant concentrations. First, the toxicants bind directly to membrane proteins at relatively low concentrations, resulting in reversible toxic effect. Second, the toxicants inhibit the membrane proteins, and alterations in the lipid bilayers occur at toxicant concentrations sufficient to produce mortality of the organisms. The nonspecific toxicity expressed as acute and chronic toxicity measures are found to correlate well with log Kow. However, the relationship between the ILC and log Kow is less satisfactory because the values of ILC are relatively consistent compared to those of LC50.