Anesthetic and Physiological Changes During Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy: The Surgeon's View

Although physiological changes during laparoscopy and thoracoscopy generally are similar to those seen during standard open procedures, these minimally invasive techniques are accompanied by some unique changes. General, regional, and local anesthesia during laparoscopy and thoracoscopy, and potential complications, are discussed. The physiological responses that are discussed include hemodynamic effects, acid-base and pulmonary effects, and hormonal effects.