Neurological manifestations of malaria : an update

Area of Science:

• Neurology
• Infectious Diseases
• Tropical Medicine

Background:

• Falciparum malaria, a severe infectious disease, is linked to numerous neurological complications.
• Cerebral malaria is a particularly feared complication, disproportionately affecting children.
• Despite advances in antimalarial drugs, mortality rates remain high, and survivors often face disabling neurological sequelae.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the spectrum of neurological complications associated with falciparum malaria.
• To differentiate malaria-related neurological issues from other conditions in pediatric patients.
• To highlight the persistent challenges in managing severe malaria and its neurological aftermath.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of neurological complications in falciparum malaria.
• Analysis of case reports and clinical descriptions of neurological syndromes.
• Discussion of diagnostic challenges, particularly differentiating malaria-induced convulsions from febrile convulsions.

Main Results:

• Cerebral malaria is a major cause of neurological morbidity and mortality in children.
• Survivors frequently experience neurological sequelae, including post-malaria neurological syndrome (PMNS).
• Various syndromes like cerebellar ataxia, psychiatric disorders, peripheral neuropathies, and stroke-like episodes have been reported, though their direct association with malaria is sometimes uncertain.

Conclusions:

• Neurological complications significantly impact falciparum malaria outcomes, necessitating improved treatment and supportive care.
• Early recognition and differentiation of malaria-associated neurological disorders are crucial for effective management.
• Further research is needed to clarify the pathophysiology and establish definitive links for less common neurological manifestations.