Evidence for direct binding of fatty acids and eicosanoids to human peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha

The alpha isoform of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) is activated by fatty acids, their metabolites, and the fibrate class of lipid-lowering agents. To test the ability of these activators to directly bind the ligand-binding domain of human PPARalpha, we performed a competitive binding assay using radiolabeled [(3)H]KRP-297, a known ligand for human PPARalpha. Long-chain fatty acids and eicosanoids were even more potent ligands for human PPARalpha than the hitherto most potent PPARalpha ligand WY-14,643. Moreover, these natural ligands avidly activated this receptor in a transient transcriptional assay. This study provides the direct evidence that human PPARalpha is activated through the direct binding of fatty acids and eicosanoids, as well as of a fibrate, to its ligand-binding domain.