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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Infection01:20

Infection

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Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
Transduction01:16

Transduction

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency
18:10

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

Published on: June 16, 2011

Different trajectories of parallel evolution during viral adaptation.

H A Wichman1, M R Badgett, L A Scott

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA. hwichman@uidaho.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|July 20, 1999
PubMed
Summary

Experimental evolution revealed numerous genetic changes during bacteriophage adaptation. While many changes were beneficial and some shared between lines, their order varied, indicating diverse evolutionary paths.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Molecular evolution
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Understanding the molecular basis of adaptation is crucial in evolutionary biology.
  • The dynamic process of adaptation has been studied in limited detail.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genomic changes and adaptive trajectories during experimental evolution of bacteriophages.
  • To determine the extent of parallel evolution and identify beneficial mutations.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental evolution of two bacteriophage lines under strong selection.
  • Whole-genome sequencing to identify nucleotide changes.
  • Analysis of amino acid substitutions for adaptive significance.

Main Results:

  • Over a dozen genomewide nucleotide changes occurred in each bacteriophage replicate.
  • Approximately 96% of amino acid substitutions were adaptive.
  • Half of the observed genetic changes were shared between the two evolved lines.
  • The order of genetic changes differed significantly between replicates.
  • Parallel substitutions did not consistently correlate with the largest beneficial effects or a common adaptive path.

Conclusions:

  • Experimental evolution provides insights into the complex molecular mechanisms of adaptation.
  • Bacteriophage adaptation involves numerous genetic changes, many of which are adaptive.
  • Despite shared mutations, adaptive trajectories can diverge, highlighting the stochastic nature of evolution.