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Polyphyly and convergent morphological evolution in Commelinales and Commelinidae: evidence from rbcL sequence data.

T J Givnish1, T M Evans, J C Pires

  • 1Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
|July 22, 1999
PubMed
Summary

Monocot systematics reveal Commelinales is polyphyletic and Commelinidae paraphyletic. A revised classification of Commelinidae, based on rbcL gene sequences, proposes new superorders and orders, reflecting evolutionary trends.

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Area of Science:

  • * Plant Systematics
  • * Molecular Phylogenetics
  • * Monocot Evolution

Background:

  • * The phylogenetic relationships within the order Commelinales and the subclass Commelinidae have been uncertain, despite extensive morphological and anatomical studies.
  • * Previous classifications relied on traits that may be plesiomorphic, convergent, or recurrent mutations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To test the monophyly of Commelinales and Commelinidae.
  • * To evaluate the evolutionary relationships within these groups.
  • * To analyze evolutionary trends in morphology, ecology, and biogeography.

Main Methods:

  • * Parsimony analyses were conducted using 95 rbcL gene sequences.
  • * The analyses included 17 taxa of Commelinales, 16 taxa from other Commelinidae, and 63 taxa from other monocot subclasses (Arecidae, Liliidae, Zingiberidae).

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Main Results:

  • * Commelinales was found to be polyphyletic, and Commelinidae paraphyletic.
  • * Specific family relationships were resolved: Eriocaulaceae and Xyridaceae are sister to Poaceae; Rapateaceae is sister to Bromeliaceae and Mayacaceae; Commelinaceae is sister to Philydrales.
  • * A revised classification of Commelinidae is proposed, including four superorders (Bromelianae, Commelinanae, Dasypogonanae, Arecanae) and ten orders.
  • * Morphological and anatomical characters previously used for classification appear to be homoplastic.

Conclusions:

  • * The revised classification, supported by molecular data and specific anatomical traits, offers a more robust framework for understanding monocot evolution.
  • * The origin of Commelinidae (excluding Arecales) is traced to South America.
  • * Ecological diversification involved adaptation to challenging microsites, and species diversity is linked to nonadaptive speciation mechanisms like polyploidy and apomixis, rather than rbcL sequence evolution rates.