Identification of aggrecanase activity in medium of cartilage culture

Erosion of cartilage is a major feature of joint diseases, i.e., osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, which leads with time to a loss of joint function. Proteolytic cleavage of the aggrecan core protein is a key event in the progress of these joint diseases. Aggrecan degradation has been believed to be mediated by a putative proteinase, aggrecanase. We identified aggrecanase activity in conditioned medium from explant culture of bovine nasal cartilage stimulated by retinoic acid. The activity was partially purified more than 10,000-fold. The enzyme cleaves at the aggrecanase site (Glu(373)-Ala(374)) but not at the MMP site (Asn(341)-Phe(342)) in the interglobular domain of the aggrecan. It also cleaves at Glu(1971)-Leu(1972), which is located in the gap region in the chondroitin sulfate attachment region prior to the aggrecanase site. The enzyme is a typical Ca(2+)-dependent metalloproteinase with a unique salt-dependency and is inhibited by several hydroxamate-based inhibitors for matrix metalloproteinases. Heparin and chondroitin sulfate inhibited the enzyme in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that the large carbohydorate in aggrecan is important for substrate recognition by aggrecanase.