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Related Experiment Videos

Echinoderm immunity and the evolution of the complement system.

P S Gross1, W Z Al-Sharif, L A Clow

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.

Developmental and Comparative Immunology
|July 30, 1999
PubMed
Summary
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Echinoderms possess immune cells and factors crucial for defense, revealing an ancient complement system. This system, homologous to vertebrates, likely originated in early deuterostome ancestors.

Area of Science:

  • Comparative immunology
  • Invertebrate immunology
  • Evolution of immune systems

Background:

  • The study of inflammatory responses in humans benefits from comparative immunology.
  • Echinoderm research in the late 1900s highlighted the role of phagocytic cells in immunity.
  • Echinoderms exhibit non-adaptive immune responses mediated by coelomocytes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the immune mechanisms in echinoderms.
  • To investigate the presence and nature of a complement system in echinoderms.
  • To understand the evolutionary origins of the complement system.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative immunological studies.
  • Analysis of coelomocyte functions including phagocytosis, encapsulation, and cytotoxicity.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Identification and characterization of humoral factors in coelomic fluid.
  • Investigation of a complement system in the purple sea urchin.

    • Main Results:

    • Echinoderm coelomocytes perform key immune functions like phagocytosis and producing antimicrobial agents.
    • Humoral factors such as lectins, agglutinins, and lysins contribute to host defense.
    • A simple complement system, homologous to the vertebrate alternative pathway, exists in sea urchins.
    • The sea urchin complement component C3 homologue is inducible by lipopolysaccharide.

    Conclusions:

    • The complement system is ancient, with components found across vertebrates, protochordates, and echinoderms.
    • The complement system likely evolved from primordial genes within the common ancestor of deuterostomes.
    • Comparative immunology, particularly with echinoderms, provides insights into the fundamental nature and evolution of immune responses.