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Cervical cancer screening in developing countries: why is it ineffective? The case of Mexico
E C Lazcano-Ponce1, S Moss, P Alonso de Ruíz
1Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. elazcano@insp3.insp.mx
Background:
Mexico established a national cervical cancer-screening program in 1974. Despite the implementation of the program, there was a steady mortality trend of 16 per 100,000 women over 15 years.
Methods:
A diagnostic procedure of the pitfalls was applied to the following steps of the screening procedure: Pap sampling quality; cytological diagnosis validity; compliance of women; and determinants of non-participation.
Results:
The low effectiveness of screening on cervical cancer is principally due to factors associated with quality and coverage. Pap quality is deficient; 64% of a random sample of specimens lacked endocervical cells. Reading centers presented false negative indices of between 10 and 54%. Women seek screening in a late stage of disease (55% with cervical cancer seek care because they have symptoms). In addition, coverage is low; in women between 15 and 49 years of age in Mexico City, 64.2% have a history of Pap, compared with 30% in rural areas. Knowledge of what the Pap is used for strongly determines the use of screening. In rural areas, only 40% of women are informed about the purpose of the Pap test.
Conclusions:
A proposal to reorganize Mexico's screening program includes the following five main strategies: (a) increased coverage; (b) improved quality control of how cervical smears are taken; (c) better interpretation of Pap tests; (d) guaranteed treatment for those whose tests show abnormalities, and (e) improved follow-up.
