Pathogenesis of retinoic acid-induced ear malformations in primate model

13-cis retinoic acid (RA) is a causative agent for human/monkey retinoic acid embryopathy (RAE), in which the most common type of malformation is microtia or anotia. In the present study, malformed ears of monkey fetuses exposed to RA during early embryogenesis were analyzed and revealed a subtype of defects., i.e., apparent duplication of the external/middle ear. A part of the posterior auricle appeared to be ectopically formed in the anterior auricular region or in the region posterior to the auricle. Additionally, there was duplication of the zygomatic arch, malleus, and incus. In order to characterize possible pathogenetic events underlying these malformations, embryos at selected stages were collected after dosing dams with RA at 5 mg/kg/day during gestational days 12-27. Cellular retinoic acid binding protein I whole-mount immunostaining showed that RA induced specific alterations in the migration of cranial neural crest cells (NCC). NCC en route to the second pharyngeal arch were bifurcated, and some of these NCC migrated abnormally into the first and/or third arches, which may underlie external ear duplication. Scanning electron microscopy and neurofilament immunostaining provided evidence that there was partial duplication of trigeminal nerve/ganglion following RA insult. The duplication of NCC neuronal derivatives in the first pharyngeal arch is consistent with duplication of NCC mesenchymal components (zygomatic arch, malleus, and incus). Therefore, RA-induced alterations in cranial NCC migration patterns are likely to be a pathogenetic event underlying ear malformations (including duplication) of RAE in monkeys.