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Updated: Aug 5, 2026

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice
Published on: February 22, 2019
Estimation of the direct and indirect effects of vaccination
1Department of Biostatistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. mhaber@sph.emory.edu
Abstract:
Indirect effects play a major role in the protection afforded by a vaccination programme. In this work we define new measures of direct, indirect and total (direct + indirect) effects of a vaccination programme in terms of the protection they provide to unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals, and to the entire population. We show how these measures can be estimated using data from a vaccine trial or an observational study. The bias and standard errors of these estimates can be evaluated via stochastic simulations. Examples from a mumps outbreak and a (hypothetical) HIV vaccine trial are used to illustrate the estimation of these new measures of vaccination effectiveness.
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