Dissociation of the mismatch negativity and processing negativity attentional waveforms with nitrous oxide

In Näätänen's model of early attention, the role of arousal in influencing the permanent feature detection system (indexed by mismatch negativity [MMN]) and the temporary feature-detection system (indexed by processing negativity [PN]) is unclear. To address this question, we investigated the effects of the anesthetic gas nitrous oxide (N2O) on the MMN and PN. Ten subjects performed a dichotic listening task in which discrimination difficulty and breathing mixture (air or 25% N2O) were manipulated factorially. MMN, PN, N1 and P300 at Fz, Cz, and Pz, as well as reaction time (RT), were measured. N2O had no effect on the PN, but decreased MMN amplitude. As expected, N2O decreased the amplitude of the N1 and P300 and increased the latency of the P300 and RT. The dissociation of MMN and PN by N2O suggests that this agent decreases the ability to detect automatic stimulus change without affecting voluntary selective attention. We interpret these results as indicating that arousal has multidimensional effects on early attentional mechanisms. These dimensions can be differentiated chemically by neurotransmitters in the reticular formation of the brain.