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Cigarette smoking.

A W Bergen1, N Caporaso

  • 1Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Bergena@epndce.nci.nih.gov

Journal of the National Cancer Institute
|August 19, 1999
PubMed
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Cigarette smoking remains a major preventable cause of death. Factors like demographics, mental health, and genetics influence smoking behavior and dependence.

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death and disease in developed nations.
  • Smoking prevalence has decreased overall in the U.S. but shows shifts between genders and is linked to socioeconomic factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the multifaceted factors contributing to cigarette smoking behavior and nicotine dependence.
  • To highlight the complex interplay of demographics, psychological traits, comorbidities, and genetics in smoking.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of epidemiological data on smoking prevalence and trends in the United States.
  • Review of studies on the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms of nicotine dependence.
  • Examination of twin studies investigating the genetic heritability of smoking behavior.

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Main Results:

  • Smoking is associated with younger age, lower income, less education, and disadvantaged environments.
  • Smokers use nicotine to manage withdrawal and mood, exhibiting altered stress, arousal, impulsivity, and neuroticism.
  • Nicotine dependence is a common psychiatric diagnosis, frequently comorbid with substance abuse, depression, and anxiety disorders.
  • Genetic factors significantly influence vulnerability to smoking initiation and persistence.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding smoking requires considering demographic, social, psychiatric, and genetic influences.
  • Nicotine dependence is a complex behavior influenced by a combination of environmental and biological factors.
  • Future research must integrate these diverse factors to develop effective smoking cessation and prevention strategies.