Amino acid regulation of gene expression

In mammals, the plasma concentration of amino acids is affected by nutritional or pathological conditions. For example, an amino acid profile alteration has been reported as a result of a deficiency of any one of the essential amino acids, a dietary imbalance of amino acids or an insufficient intake of protein. Amino acid availability regulates the expression of several genes involved in the regulation of growth, cellular function or amino acid metabolism. A limitation of several amino acids strongly increases the expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein CHOP and asparagine synthetase genes. Elevated messenger RNA levels result from both an increase in the rate of transcription and an increase in messenger RNA stability. DNA amino acid response elements have been characterized in the promoter of CHOP and asparagine synthetase genes. The underlying mechanisms of gene regulation by amino acid limitation are not yet completely understood. The results discussed in this review demonstrate that amino acids by themselves can play, in concert with hormones, an important role in the control of gene expression.