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Related Concept Videos

Other Disorders of Digestive System01:30

Other Disorders of Digestive System

The gastrointestinal tract is susceptible to various disorders. If the lower esophageal sphincter is damaged, stomach acid can flow back into the esophagus, causing irritation and inflammation of the lining. This condition is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (known as heartburn) and may cause chest pain and difficulty swallowing. In the stomach, prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, chronic alcohol consumption, bacterial infections such as Helicobacter...
Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:21

Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Individuals with Barrett's esophagus are often asymptomatic, but they may experience symptoms commonly associated with GERD, such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Additional symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, blood in the stool (which may appear black, tarry, or bloody), and episodes of vomiting.
To diagnose Barrett's esophagus, healthcare providers often recommend an endoscopy for those showing symptoms of acid reflux. The procedure entails...
Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction01:30

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Etiology
The primary cause of esophageal strictures is long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), accounting for about 70 to 80% of adult cases. Chronic acid reflux can lead to injury and scarring of the esophageal lining, culminating in...
Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management01:26

Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management

Patients with esophageal strictures often experience a range of symptoms. Initially, they may have difficulty swallowing solid foods, which can progress to include liquids. Additional symptoms may involve chest pain or discomfort, regurgitating food and fluids, heartburn, unintentional weight loss, coughing or choking during meals, and hoarseness.
Healthcare providers should gather a comprehensive medical history and conduct a physical examination for diagnosis. If esophageal stricture is...
Esophageal Achalasia01:27

Esophageal Achalasia

Esophageal achalasia is a chronic neurogenic disorder characterized by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and absent or ineffective peristalsis in the distal esophagus. This leads to a functional obstruction without a physical blockage, despite significant disruption of esophageal motility.EtiologyAchalasia is caused by degeneration of the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, specifically the loss of inhibitory ganglion cells that produce vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease01:25

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the backward flow of stomach contents (acid, pepsin, or bile) into the esophagus, causing mucosal inflammation known as esophagitis. It results from failure of antireflux mechanisms, mainly the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), influenced by mechanical and physiological factors.Etiology and Risk FactorsGERD develops when LES function is weakened or when intra-abdominal pressure increases. Risk factors include aging, obesity, and sliding hiatal hernia,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring
06:46

Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring

Published on: December 14, 2020

Functional esophageal disorders.

R E Clouse1, J E Richter, R C Heading

  • 1Committee on Functional Esophageal Disorders, Multinational Working Teams to Develop Diagnostic Criteria for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (Rome II), Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA. rclouse@im.wustl.edu

Gut
|August 24, 1999
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Functional esophageal disorders like heartburn and dysphagia are common but poorly understood. Research is needed to clarify symptom causes and improve diagnostic criteria for better patient management.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Esophageal Physiology
  • Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders

Background:

  • Functional esophageal disorders (FEDs) encompass globus, rumination syndrome, and symptoms like chest pain, heartburn, and dysphagia.
  • The underlying mechanisms causing symptoms in FEDs are not well understood.
  • Diagnosis relies on symptom presentation and excluding other structural or metabolic conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of functional esophageal disorders.
  • To discuss diagnostic criteria, management strategies, and areas for future research.
  • To highlight the overlap with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and the role of antireflux therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of functional esophageal disorders.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria, including exclusion of organic causes.
  • Examination of current and potential therapeutic approaches.

Main Results:

  • Diagnosis of FEDs requires symptom assessment and exclusion of other disorders, including motor abnormalities or pathological reflux.
  • Management is often empirical, with established efficacy for psychopharmacological and psychological interventions.
  • Antireflux therapy plays a role in both diagnosis and management due to overlap with GERD.

Conclusions:

  • Further research into symptom mechanisms and broader treatment outcomes is essential.
  • Exploring inclusive diagnostic criteria that incorporate other symptoms may improve accuracy.
  • A deeper understanding of FEDs is crucial for advancing patient care and treatment efficacy.