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Updated: Aug 19, 2026
Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Published on: August 30, 2020
Persisting symptoms and carers' views of outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage
D J Hellawell1, R Taylor, B Pentland
1Rehabilitation Studies Unit, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
Objective:
To report the outcome of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) in terms of subjective symptoms and carers' perspective over a period of two years.
Design:
Forty-four consecutive patients admitted to a Regional Neurosurgical Unit and who survived aneurysmal SAH were invited for outpatient assessment at 6, 12 and 24 months post haemorrhage.
Measures:
The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was used to measure global outcome; the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) to screen for affective symptoms; the Head Injury Symptom Checklist (HISC) to detect symptoms commonly reported after head trauma; and information was collected from a close friend or relative of the patient using the Relative's Questionnaire (RQ).
Results:
GOS outcome was significantly related to the severity of the original haemorrhage, as classified by the World Federation of Neurological Surgeons (WFNS) Grading Scale, on admission to hospital. However, even in cases where patients had made a good recovery according to the GOS, a variety of problems were frequently reported by patients and relatives, and many of these persisted for the duration of the study. The three most common and persistent symptoms were tiredness (63%, 59% and 59% at 6, 12 and 24 months respectively), memory disturbance (50%, 52% and 56%) and passivity (61%, 47% and 46%). In contrast, the prevalence of disturbed mood, as reported using the HAD, was similar to that of the general population.
Conclusions:
Studies of outcome following SAH should address these subtle disturbances, and information pertaining to potential long-term problems should be provided to patients and relevant others.
