Hypercalcemia

To provide a review of hypercalcemia of malignancy, including the incidence, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, treatment, and nursing interventions.

Research studies, review articles, proceedings from nursing conferences, and book chapters.

Hypercalcemia of malignancy is difficult to diagnose because the signs and symptoms are similar to those experienced by patients with end-stage cancers. Knowing the cancers and histologic cell types that are at high risk for hypercalcemia assists in early diagnosis and treatment. Treatment decisions must consider potential benefits and their risks and affect on quality of life.

Hypercalcemia of malignancy as a metabolic oncologic emergency requires accurate assessment and rapid intervention. Early recognition by the patient, family, and health care professionals can result in improved quality of life.