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Is megalencephaly specific to autism?

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Increased head circumference (megalencephaly) has been reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
  • Limited research exists on megalencephaly in pediatric populations with other neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • Previous studies have noted megalencephaly in adult schizophrenia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence of megalencephaly in children with autism/pervasive developmental disorder (PDD).
  • To compare megalencephaly rates between children with autism/PDD and a control group with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  • To explore the association between megalencephaly and specific symptoms in these pediatric groups.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of 20 male subjects with autism/PDD (mean age 10.9 years) against 20 male controls with ADHD (mean age 11.1 years).
  • Assessment for evidence of megalencephaly in both groups.
  • Clinical observation of core symptoms and additional behavioral characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Megalencephaly was observed in 4 subjects with autism/PDD and 5 controls with ADHD.
  • Autistic subjects with megalencephaly exhibited hyperactivity and impulsivity.
  • The presence of megalencephaly was not limited to the autism/PDD group.

Conclusions:

  • Megalencephaly may not be a specific biomarker for autism spectrum disorder in children.
  • In pediatric populations, megalencephaly might be associated with comorbid symptoms like hyperactivity and impulsivity.
  • Further research is warranted to understand the implications of megalencephaly across different neurodevelopmental conditions.