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Anthrax explodes in an Australian summer.

A J Turner1, J W Galvin, R J Rubira

  • 1Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Attwood, Victoria, Australia. Andrew.Turner@nre.vic.gov.au

Journal of Applied Microbiology
|September 4, 1999
PubMed
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A 1997 anthrax outbreak in Victoria, Australia, was controlled using quarantine, culling, and area-wide vaccination. This event highlighted the need to review international anthrax control policies for livestock and products.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Epidemiology
  • Infectious Disease Control
  • Public Health

Background:

  • An unusual anthrax outbreak occurred in north central Victoria in 1997, the first recorded in the area since 1914.
  • The outbreak rapidly spread across 83 properties, necessitating swift and comprehensive control measures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document the epidemiology and control strategies of the 1997 Victorian anthrax outbreak.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of standard and enhanced control measures, including area-wide vaccination.
  • To assess the impact of the outbreak on international trade and policy.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of standard Australian anthrax control measures: quarantine, animal movement tracing, carcass disposal, and enhanced surveillance.
  • Deployment of blanket area vaccination in response to escalating case numbers.

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  • Establishment of a vaccination buffer zone and compulsory re-vaccination protocols.

    • Main Results:

    • The outbreak resulted in 202 cattle and 4 sheep deaths between January and March 1997.
    • Post-outbreak surveillance identified additional cases, including in unvaccinated animals within the buffer zone.
    • Vaccination of calves and introduced cattle, along with re-vaccination of affected and neighboring properties, significantly reduced incidence in 1998.

    Conclusions:

    • Area-wide vaccination proved effective in controlling the rapid spread of anthrax.
    • The outbreak underscored the need for international bodies to review anthrax restrictions on livestock and products.
    • Effective disease management requires adaptive strategies and consideration of public and international perceptions.