African American men, prostate cancer early detection examination use, and informed decision-making

It is well known that African American men are more likely to be diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer than White men. Racial variation in the use of prostate cancer early detection modalities (ie, digital rectal examination [DRE] and prostate-specific antigen [PSA] testing) has been suggested as a major reason for this differential. Several factors may help to explain the reported low levels of DRE and PSA test utilization among African American men, including background sociodemographic characteristics, medical history, and cognitive and psychosocial perceptions. In this review, the impact of these characteristics on prostate cancer early detection examination utilization is explored. Findings from studies showing race-related differences in cognitive and psychosocial factors are presented. Preparatory education for informed decision-making is suggested as an approach to help minimize racial differences in cognitive and psychosocial factors that influence the use of prostate cancer early detection modalities. The need to facilitate informed decision-making along the continuum of care is highlighted.