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Validity of behavioral and physiologic parameters for acute pain assessment of term newborn infants
A L Pereira1, R Guinsburg, M F de Almeida
1Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escolaxs Paulista de Medicina, Brazil. dpn@mandic.com.br
Context:
The subjectivity of pain causes enormous difficulties in evaluating neonatal pain with a single, practical and easy-to-apply tool. Pain evaluation in the neonatal period should be performed by valid, safe, useful and feasible methods.
Objective:
To evaluate the validity of the Neonatal Facial Coding System (NFCS), Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), heart rate (HR) and O2 saturation (O2 sat) for neonatal pain assessment.
Design:
Prospective, double-blind randomized trial.
Setting:
A secondary level maternity hospital.
Participants:
70 healthy neonates requiring bilirubin dosage were randomly assigned to receive a venous puncture (P: n = 33, BW 3.2 kg, SD 0.6; GA 39 wk, SD 1; 59 h of life, SD 25) or an alcohol swab friction (F: n = 37; BW 3.1 kg, SD 0.5; GA 39 wk, SD 1; 52 h of life, SD 17).
Intervention:
All measurements were taken prior to (PRE), during (TO), and 1 (T1), 3(T3), 5(T5) and 10(T10) minutes after the procedure.
Measurements:
A neonatologist evaluated NFCS, NIPS, HR and O2 sat by pulse oxymetry.
Results:
Median NFCS and NIPS results at T0, T1 and T3 were higher in P group, compared to F. More P neonates presented NFCS > 2 and/or NIPS > 3 at T0, T1 and T3. HR was lower in P group at T1. Average O2 sat was above 90% during the whole study period in both groups.
Conclusion:
NFCS and NIPS are suitable instruments for neonatal pain evaluation. Heart rate and O2 saturation can be used only as auxiliary methods.