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Impulse

Impulse

According to Newton’s second law of motion, the rate of change of the momentum of an object is the net external force acting on it. The total change in momentum between two timepoints thus depends on both the external force acting on it and the time over which it acts. Describing this mathematically, the total change of an object’s motion is proportional to the force vector and the time over which it is applied. This product is called impulse.
Additionally, it can be shown that the total...

Types of Collisions - II

Types of Collisions - II

When two or more objects collide with each other, they can stick together to form one single composite object (after collision). The total mass of the object after the collision is the sum of the masses of the original objects, and it moves with a velocity dictated by the conservation of momentum. Although the system's total momentum remains constant, the kinetic energy decreases, and thus such a collision is an inelastic collision. Most of the collisions between objects in daily life are...

Rocket Propulsion in Gravitational Field - I

Rocket Propulsion in Gravitational Field - I

Rockets range in size from small fireworks that ordinary people use to the enormous Saturn V that once propelled massive payloads toward the Moon. The propulsion of all rockets, jet engines, deflating balloons, and even squids and octopuses are explained by the same physical principle: Newton's third law of motion. The matter is forcefully ejected from a system, producing an equal and opposite reaction on what remains.
The motion of a rocket in space changes its velocity (and hence its...

Acceleration due to Gravity on Other Planets

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The gravitational acceleration of an object near the Earth's surface is called the acceleration due to gravity. It can be measured by conducting simple experiments on Earth. However, such an experiment is impossible to conduct on the surface of other planets.
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Impact

Impact

Impact occurs when two bodies collide, leading to the application of impulsive forces between them. Analyzing impact mechanics involves considering two colliding particles moving along a line known as the line of impact, which passes through their centers and is perpendicular to the contact plane.
When particles with different initial velocities collide, they induce deformation by applying equal and opposite impulses. At the point of maximum deformation, the particles move together with...

Impact: Problem Solving

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In an experiment conducted during a Mars mission, a rover propels a projectile with an initial velocity, and the projectile rebounds after colliding with the Martian surface. To ascertain the maximum height attained by the projectile after this collision, the known restitution coefficient and acceleration due to gravity are employed.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2026

Laboratory Drop Towers for the Experimental Simulation of Dust-aggregate Collisions in the Early Solar System

Laboratory Drop Towers for the Experimental Simulation of Dust-aggregate Collisions in the Early Solar System

Published on: June 5, 2014

Collisionally processed rocks on mars

Horz¹, Cintala, Rochelle

¹NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA. Lockheed Martin, 2400 NASA Road 1, Houston, TX 77058, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|September 25, 1999

Summary

Collisional processes on Mars fragment boulders, with small projectiles surviving atmospheric entry. These impacts create small craters, influencing Martian surface evolution and soil composition.

Area of Science:

Planetary Science
Geology
Impact Cratering

Background:

The Pathfinder mission observed various boulder morphologies at its Mars landing site.
These morphologies suggest significant surface modification processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of collisional processes in shaping Martian surface features.
To determine the potential contribution of small impactors to Martian soil evolution.

Main Methods:

Analysis of boulder fragmentation patterns at the Pathfinder landing site.
Atmospheric entry simulations for centimeter-sized projectiles impacting Mars.

Main Results:

Observed boulder damage (cratering, splitting, fragmentation) attributed to collisions.

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Laboratory Drop Towers for the Experimental Simulation of Dust-aggregate Collisions in the Early Solar System

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Emission Spectroscopic Boundary Layer Investigation during Ablative Material Testing in Plasmatron

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Simulations confirm survival of centimeter-sized projectiles through the Martian atmosphere.

Impact velocities reach several kilometers per second.

Conclusions:

Collisional processes are a significant factor in Martian boulder destruction.
Small impactors (centimeter-sized) create craters less than 1 meter in diameter.
These small craters contribute to the ongoing evolution of the Martian surface and soils.