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Related Concept Videos

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Buoyancy

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When an object is placed in a fluid, it either floats or sinks. All objects in a fluid experience a buoyant force. For example, a metal ball sinks, while a rubber ball floats. Similarly, a submarine can sink and float by adjusting its buoyancy.  The concept of buoyancy raises several interesting questions. For instance, where does this buoyant force come from? How much buoyant force is required to make an object sink or float? Do objects that sink get any support at all from the...
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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Buoyancy and Stability for Submerged and Floating Bodies01:11

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In fluid mechanics, buoyancy and stability are key concepts for understanding the behavior of submerged and floating bodies. When a stationary body is fully or partially submerged in a fluid, the fluid exerts a force on the body known as the buoyant force. This force acts vertically upward through a point called the center of buoyancy, which is the center of the displaced fluid volume. According to Archimedes' principle, the magnitude of the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid...
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Disorder of Water Balance01:29

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Water balance disorders are medical conditions that occur when there is a deviation from the body's water volume or osmolarity, disrupting normal homeostasis and leading todehydration, hypotonic hydration, hyperhydration, edema, or water intoxication.
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Hyperventilation refers to a higher-than-normal rate and depth of breathing, often associated with anxiety attacks. This excessive breathing surpasses the body's need to expel CO2, leading to a condition known as hypocapnia - an unusually low level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia can constrict cerebral blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the brain, which may result in dizziness or fainting. Early signs include tingling and muscle spasms in the hands and face, caused by falling...
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Regulation of Water Intake01:25

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Osmolality refers to the number of solute particles per kilogram of solvent in a solution. Plasma osmolality specifically indicates the total number of solute particles per kilogram of water in blood plasma. This value reflects the body's hydration status and is tightly regulated through mechanisms controlling water intake and output. While water consumption is a conscious decision, the body has intrinsic regulatory systems to maintain fluid balance. Dehydration, a state of water deficit...
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Diatom Testing for Forensic Drowning Examination
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Drowning and near-drowning--some lessons learnt.

S H Goh1, B Y Low

  • 1Accident and Emergency Department, Changi General Hospital, Singapore.

Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore
|September 25, 1999
PubMed
Summary

Early bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation significantly improves survival rates for drowning victims. Prompt medical intervention is crucial for preventing complications like pulmonary edema in submersion injuries.

Area of Science:

  • Emergency Medicine
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Submersion injuries, including drowning and near-drowning, pose a significant public health concern.
  • This study examines cases managed at Changi General Hospital over sixteen months.

Observation:

  • 17 cases of submersion injury were treated, predominantly affecting young, inexperienced recreational swimmers.
  • Most incidents occurred in unsupervised urban swimming pools, with adults over fifteen years old comprising two-thirds of cases.
  • Associated conditions like seizures, spinal injuries, and intoxication were often initially unsuspected.

Findings:

  • Early bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was associated with recovery without severe morbidity in 6 cases.
  • Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema leading to chest infection was the most common complication in survivors.

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  • Key determinants of survival included early CPR, pupil reactivity, palpable pulse, and cardiac sinus rhythm.

    • Implications:

    • Highlights the critical role of immediate CPR in improving outcomes for submersion victims.
    • Emphasizes the need for thorough assessment to identify underlying conditions and associated injuries.
    • Underscores the importance of supervision and safety measures in recreational water environments.