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Anatomical Positions

Anatomical Positions

In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

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Contact Angle

Contact Angle

When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces.
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Unsymmetric Bending - Angle of Neutral Axis

Unsymmetric Bending - Angle of Neutral Axis

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The calcaneal angle in Nigerians. Relationship to sex, age, and side of the body.

B C Didia¹, J N Dimkpa

¹Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association

|October 3, 1999

Summary

The calcaneal angle in Nigerians ranges from 28 to 38 degrees, averaging 32.83 degrees. This foot measurement is vital for reconstructive surgery and is not influenced by sex, age, or side.

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Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Podiatry
Human Anatomy

Background:

The calcaneus (heel bone) is crucial for foot biomechanics.
Proper calcaneal alignment supports foot arches, erect posture, and locomotion.
Understanding population-specific calcaneal morphology is important for surgical planning.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the normal range and mean calcaneal angle in the Nigerian population.
To investigate the correlation between calcaneal angle and demographic factors (sex, age, side).

Main Methods:

Radiographic measurement of the calcaneal angle.
Statistical analysis of collected data from Nigerian participants.

Main Results:

The calcaneal angle in Nigerians ranged from 28 to 38 degrees.
The mean calcaneal angle was 32.83 degrees (SD 2.84 degrees).
No significant relationship was found between calcaneal angle and sex, age, or laterality.

Conclusions:

The established calcaneal angle range provides a normative reference for Nigerians.
Findings indicate calcaneal angle is independent of sex, age, and side in this population.
This data is essential for orthopedic surgeons performing reconstructive procedures on the foot and ankle.