Volume-dependent taurine release from cultured astrocytes requires permissive [Ca(2+)](i) and calmodulin

Cell swelling results in regulatory activation of multiple conductive anion pathways permeable toward a broad spectrum of intracellular organic osmolytes. Here, we explore the involvement of extracellular and intracellular Ca(2+) in volume-dependent [(3)H]taurine efflux from primary cultured astrocytes and compare the Ca(2+) sensitivity of this efflux in slow (high K(+) medium induced) and fast (hyposmotic medium induced) cell swelling. Neither Ca(2+)-free medium nor Ca(2+)-channel blockers prevented the volume-dependent [(3)H]taurine release. In contrast, loading cells with the membrane-permeable Ca(2+) chelator 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA)-AM suppressed [(3)H]taurine efflux by 65-70% and 25-30% under high-K(+) and hyposmotic conditions, respectively. Fura 2 measurements confirmed that BAPTA-AM, but not Ca(2+)-free media, significantly reduced resting intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). The calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine and fluphenazine reversibly and irreversibly, respectively, inhibited the high-K(+)-induced [(3)H]taurine release, consistent with their known actions on calmodulin. In hyposmotic conditions, the effects were less pronounced. These data suggest that volume-dependent taurine release requires minimal basal [Ca(2+)](i) and involves calmodulin-dependent step(s). Quantitative differences in Ca(2+)/calmodulin sensitivity of high-K(+)-induced and hyposmotic medium-induced taurine efflux are due to both the effects of the inhibitors on high-K(+)-induced cell swelling and their effects on transport systems and/or signaling mechanisms determining taurine efflux.