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German version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale
K E Bloch1, O D Schoch, J N Zhang
1Pulmonary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
Background:
The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) is a questionnaire widely used in English speaking countries for assessment of subjective daytime sleepiness.
Objective:
Our purpose was to translate and validate the ESS for use in German-speaking countries.
Methods:
A German translation of the ESS was administered to 159 healthy German-speaking Swiss and to 174 patients with various sleep disorders.
Results:
The mean +/- SD of ESS scores in normals was 5.7+/-3.0, in patients it was 13.0+/-5.1 (p<0.001). Scores were not correlated with age or gender but with the percentage of time spent at an oxygen saturation <90% (R = 0.35, p<0.001), and the respiratory disturbance index (R = 0.26, p<0.001) in primary snorers and sleep apnea patients. Item analysis confirmed internal consistency of the scale (Cronbach alpha = 0.60 in normals, and 0.83 in patients). Follow-up scores in 25 sleep apnea patients on treatment showed a reduction by 7+/-5 points (p<0.05).
Conclusions:
Our data validate the ESS for application in German-speaking populations. The simplicity, reliability and the apparent lack of relevant influences of language and cultural background on performance of the ESS makes it a valuable tool for clinical management and research.