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Updated: Aug 6, 2026

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements
Published on: January 7, 2019
Physostigmine antagonizes ketamine-induced noradrenaline release from the medial prefrontal cortex in rats
1Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hirosaki School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Japan.
Abstract:
Physostigmine is known to antagonize ketamine anesthesia. In this study, effects of physostigmine (0.1 mg kg(-1) i.p.) on ketamine (100 mg kg(-1) i.p.)-induced anesthesia time and noradrenaline release from the medial prefrontal cortex in rats were examined. Ketamine produced anesthesia for 27+/-1 min and increased noradrenaline release to 405% of the basal. Physostigmine significantly reduced anesthesia time to 23+/-1 min (p<0.05), and noradrenaline to 248% (p<0.05). Therefore, noradrenaline release may play an important role in ketamine anesthesia.
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