Systemic antifungal agents against AIDS-related opportunistic infections: current status and emerging drugs in...

No effective drug was available for the treatment of systemic fungal infections until the discovery of Amphotericin B in 1953. Since then flucytosine, azoles and later the triazoles, have now become available. The current interest in the development of new antifungal agents can partially be explained by the dramatic rise in the number of AIDS cases and the subsequent suppression of the immune system in patients with the disease. For example, over 90% of those diagnosed to be HIV-positive contract a fungal infection during the course of their illness. Other conditions that have spurred the development of new systemic antifungal agents include the increase in the frequency of bone marrow and organ transplants, the use of antineoplastic agents, long-term use of corticosteroids and even the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. The emergence of fungi resistant to currently available agents, especially the azoles, has made the need for new and effective antifungal agents more urgent. This review article focuses on agents targeted against opportunistic fungal infections, i.e., fungal infections which, in contrast to immunocompetent individuals, may cause serious life-threatening illness in immunocompromised individuals. Agents currently on the market or undergoing clinical development, as well as potential new agents that have been discovered, are discussed.