The nature of intracrine peptide hormone action

Current theory holds that peptide hormone action results from hormone binding to cell-surface receptors, with the generation of intracellular second messengers. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that intracellular peptide hormone, either internalized or synthesized in situ, can exert physiologically relevant effects. These effects are diverse and poorly understood. I propose that such intracrine action can serve to modulate cellular function over time and thereby play a role in biological memory of various sorts, in the maintenance of hormonal responsiveness, and in cellular differentiation.