Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 18, 2026
Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior
Published on: June 10, 2013
Biobehavioral responses to acute pain in adolescents with a significant neurologic impairment
T F Oberlander1, C A Gilbert, C T Chambers
1Sunny Hill Heath Centre for Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. timothyo@interchange.ubc.ca
Objective:
To further understand acute pain response in children with a significant neurologic impairment (SNI), we undertook a descriptive hypothesis-generating study of the response to a routine vaccine among adolescents with SNI.
Design:
Within-subject crossover design.
Setting:
Tertiary care facility for children and adolescents with SNI.
Patients:
Eight adolescents (mean age = 15 years).
Interventions:
Mock and real vaccine injections.
Outcome Measures:
Quantitative measures of heart rate, videotaped facial action, Child Facial Coding System (CFCS), and Facial Action Coding System (FACS); observer ratings visual analog scale (VAS) were obtained before, during, and after a mock injection and routine annual influenza vaccine injection presented in a counterbalanced order.
Results:
VAS scores were significantly higher during the injection phase than during the other time periods; however, there were no significant differences across study time periods when using the other outcome measures.
Conclusions:
Although the dampened behavioral and physiologic reactions to an acute noxious stimulus were similar to those of previous work with developmentally delayed children and frail elderly, it remains unclear what underlies the apparent reduced pain response in this setting. These findings have potentially important implications for the daily care of individuals with significant neurologic impairment and illustrate the compelling need tor further study of the unique character of the pain experience in this setting.
