Dimerization of the Escherichia coli biotin repressor: corepressor function in protein assembly

The repressor of biotin biosynthesis binds to the biotin operator sequence to repress transcription initiation at the biotin biosynthetic operon. Site-specific binding of BirA to the biotin operator is allosterically regulated by binding of the small molecule, biotinyl-5'-adenylate (bio-5'-AMP). The operator is a 40 base pair imperfect inverted palindrome and two holorepressor monomers bind cooperatively to the two operator half-sites. Results of previous detailed analyses of binding of holoBirA to bioO indicate that site-specific DNA binding and protein dimerization are obligatorily linked in the system. In the present work equilibrium sedimentation measurements have been used to examine the assembly properties of the aporepressor and its complexes with small ligands biotin and bio-5'-AMP. Results of these measurements indicate that while the free protein and the biotin complex exhibit no tendency to self-associate, the adenylate-bound protein assembles into dimers with an equilibrium constant of 11 microM. The results suggest that one mechanism by which the adenylate promotes binding of BirA to the biotin operator is by promoting repressor dimerization.