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Dependency, self-criticism, interpersonal behaviour and affect: evolutionary perspectives.

D C Zuroff1, D S Moskowitz, S Côté

  • 1Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada. zuroff@ego.psych.mcgill.ca

The British Journal of Clinical Psychology
|October 26, 1999
PubMed
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This study explores evolutionary depression vulnerability. Self-critical individuals experience less positive affect, linking attachment and social rank insecurities to depression risk.

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Evolutionary Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Evolutionary theories of depression vulnerability focus on attachment and social rank systems.
  • A two-factor model suggests depression-prone individuals have insecurities in both attachment and social rank.
  • These individuals differ in their strategies for managing these insecurities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between self-criticism, dependency, interpersonal behavior, and affect.
  • To test predictions from a two-factor evolutionary model of depression vulnerability.
  • To identify interpersonal processes contributing to depression risk.

Main Methods:

  • Employed adults (N=119) used event-contingent recording over 20 days to track agentic/communal behaviors and affect.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Participants completed questionnaires assessing agency and communion.
  • Self-criticism and dependency levels were measured.

    • Main Results:

    • Self-criticism correlated with lower agency and communion.
    • Agentic and communal behaviors were generally linked to pleasant affect.
    • Highly self-critical individuals reported less pleasant affect during agentic/communal actions.
    • Immature dependency (neediness) related to low agency; mature dependency (connectedness) related to high communion.

    Conclusions:

    • Findings support evolutionary models linking attachment and social rank insecurities to depression vulnerability.
    • Interpersonal behaviors and affect regulation strategies are crucial in understanding depression risk.
    • Self-criticism appears to impair the positive effects of agentic and communal behaviors, increasing vulnerability.