Dendritic cells at the end of the millennium

We have recently proposed a dual role for dendritic cells (DC) in the amplification of innate immune responses and in the activation of adaptive immune responses. The DC are localized along the major routes of entry of micro-organisms, where they perform a sentinel function for incoming pathogens. Soon after interaction with appropriate stimuli, DC undergo a coordinated process of maturation and respond to danger signals by re- programming their functions. The DC first regulate leucocyte recruitment at the site of inflammation, through the production of chemokines, inflammatory cytokines and interferons, and then they acquire migratory properties and undergo a rapid switch in chemokine receptor expression. This allows them to leave the inflamed tissue and to reach the lymph node T cell area. During this migration, DC complete their maturation process and acquire the ability to prime T cell responses. Thus, DC bridge innate and adaptive immunity.