Multistability: a major means of differentiation and evolution in biological systems

Very simple biochemical systems regulated at the level of gene expression or protein function are capable of complex dynamic behaviour. Among the various patterns of regulation associated with non-linear kinetics, multistability, which corresponds to a true switch between alternate steady states, allows a graded signal to be turned into a discontinuous evolution of the system along several possible distinct pathways, which can be either reversible or irreversible. Multistability plays a significant role in some of the basic processes of life. It might account for maintenance of phenotypic differences in the absence of genetic or environmental differences, as has been demonstrated experimentally for the regulation of the lactose operon in Escherichia coli. Cell differentiation might also be explained as multistability.