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Related Concept Videos

Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

An Efficient and High Yield Method for Isolation of Mouse Dendritic Cell Subsets
09:09

An Efficient and High Yield Method for Isolation of Mouse Dendritic Cell Subsets

Published on: April 18, 2016

Death, destruction, danger and dendritic cells.

J M Austyn

    Nature Medicine
    |November 5, 1999
    PubMed
    Summary

    Dendritic cells initiate immune responses to foreign invaders. New research shows these cells also detect danger signals from within the body, but how they activate remains unknown.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Cell Biology

    Background:

    • Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for initiating adaptive immune responses by presenting antigens to T cells.
    • The 'danger hypothesis' proposes that the immune system responds not only to foreign pathogens but also to endogenous danger signals indicating cellular distress.
    • While DCs are recognized as key players in immune surveillance, their role in responding to endogenous danger signals is an active area of investigation.

    Discussion:

    • This study highlights the pivotal role of dendritic cells in recognizing endogenous danger signals, extending their known functions beyond foreign antigen recognition.
    • The findings suggest that DCs act as early responders to internal distress, integrating 'danger' cues into immune activation pathways.
    • The precise molecular mechanisms by which DCs sense and respond to these endogenous signals are yet to be fully elucidated.

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    Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

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    Isolation And Dendritic Cell-Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Echinococcus granulosus
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    Isolation And Dendritic Cell-Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Echinococcus granulosus

    Published on: March 28, 2025

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 18, 2026

    An Efficient and High Yield Method for Isolation of Mouse Dendritic Cell Subsets
    09:09

    An Efficient and High Yield Method for Isolation of Mouse Dendritic Cell Subsets

    Published on: April 18, 2016

    Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood
    07:35

    Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

    Published on: December 24, 2016

    Isolation And Dendritic Cell-Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Echinococcus granulosus
    09:04

    Isolation And Dendritic Cell-Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Echinococcus granulosus

    Published on: March 28, 2025

    Key Insights:

    • Dendritic cells are the first immune cells to detect endogenous signals of cellular distress.
    • This detection capability is critical for initiating appropriate immune responses to internal threats.
    • The study provides novel insights into the 'danger hypothesis' by implicating DCs as primary sensors.

    Outlook:

    • Further research is needed to identify the specific receptors and signaling pathways involved in DC activation by endogenous danger signals.
    • Understanding these mechanisms could reveal new therapeutic targets for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
    • Future studies will likely focus on the functional consequences of DC activation by danger signals in various physiological and pathological contexts.