Nitrogen-induced changes in morphological development and bacterial susceptibility of belgian endive (Cichorium...

Nitrogen is known to modulate plant development and resistance to pathogens. Four selected lines (Alg, NS1, NR1 and NR2) of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) were grown on low (0.6 mM) and high (3 mM) NO(-)(3) nutrition in order to study the effect of N on the expression of three traits, namely, shoot/root ratio, chicon morphology and resistance to soft rot caused by Erwinia sp. For all genotypes, increasing N supply led to a higher shoot/root ratio, resulting from an increased shoot biomass but with no effect on root growth. In contrast, the effect of N on chicon morphology and resistance to bacteria was genotype-dependent and we distinguished two groups of lines according to their phenotypic characteristics. In the group consisting of NR1 and NR2, increasing NO(-)(3) supply during the vegetative phase made the chicon morphology switch from an opened to a closed type while resistance to bacteria was not affected by N supply. In the NS1 and Alg group, the effect of N on chicon morphology was the opposite to that observed in the NR1-NR2 group while NS1 and Alg exhibited a partial resistance to Erwinia sp. , only expressing soft-rot disease when the N supply reached 3 mM. Characterization by DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) allowed the generation of 110 polymorphic bands and confirmed that the lines NR1 and NR2, on the one hand, and NS1 and Alg, on the other hand, belong to two distinct genetic groups. The DAF results indicate that chicon morphology and partial resistance to Erwinia sp. are complex traits which would be amenable to quantitative trait loci analysis. The split growth phase of chicory means that any changes in chicon related to N supply during vegetative growth were mediated by a root-originating signal. No variation in root carbon content among genotypes and NO(-)(3) treatments was observed. In contrast, differences in root N content revealed the same grouping of the chicory lines, NR1 and NR2 being systematically richer in amino acids and NO(-)(3) than NS1 and Alg. However, no correlation existed between N compounds and chicon morphology or pathology if all genotypes were considered together. Thus, the effect of N on plant development and pathology as well as putative identified signals might be specific for a genotype. Our study indicates that it is necessary to consider the genetic variability within a species in any signalling-pathway research.