Signal transduction in the erythropoietin receptor system

Events relayed via the single transmembrane receptor for erythropoietin (Epo) are essential for the development of committed erythroid progenitor cells beyond the colony-forming unit-erythroid stage, and this clearly involves Epo's inhibition of programmed cell death (PCD). Less well resolved, however, are issues regarding the precise nature of Epo-dependent antiapoptotic mechanisms, the extent to which Epo might also promote mitogenesis and/or terminal erythroid differentiation, and the essential vs modulatory nature of certain Epo receptor cytoplasmic subdomains, signal transducing factors, and downstream pathways. Accordingly, this review focuses on the following aspects of Epo signal transduction: (1) Epo receptor/Jak2 activation mechanisms; (2) the critical vs dispensable nature of (P)Y sites and SH2 domain-encoding effectors in survival, growth, and differentiation responses; (3) primary mechanisms by which Epo inhibits PCD; (4) the integration of signals relayed by coexpressed and possibly directly interacting cytokine receptors; and (5) predictions regarding effector function which are provided by the association of certain primary and familial polycythemias with mutated human Epo receptor forms.