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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

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The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
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Auditory Pathway01:15

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Author Spotlight: Exploring Olfactory Influences on Corticospinal Excitability - Insights and Innovations in Neurological Research
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Functional coupling in rat central olfactory pathways: a coherence analysis.

P Chabaud1, N Ravel, D A Wilson

  • 1lnstitut des Sciences Cognitives, CNRS - UPR 9075, Bron, France.

Neuroscience Letters
|December 10, 1999
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Investigating olfactory pathways in rats revealed a distinct hierarchy of functional coupling between brain regions. Cholinergic antagonist scopolamine confirmed that cortico-cortical connections, not external synchronizers, mediate this tonic coupling.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory system research
  • Brain connectivity studies

Background:

  • Understanding functional connectivity in the olfactory system is crucial for deciphering sensory processing.
  • The piriform cortex and entorhinal cortex play key roles in olfactory memory and perception.
  • Investigating the interplay between the olfactory bulb and cortical areas provides insights into information flow.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the functional coupling strength between the olfactory bulb (OB), anterior piriform cortex (APC), posterior piriform cortex (PPC), and lateral entorhinal cortex (EC).
  • To elucidate the role of cholinergic systems in mediating tonic coupling within these central olfactory pathways.
  • To establish a hierarchy of coupling strength among these interconnected brain regions.

Main Methods:

  • Recording local field potentials (LFPs) in awake, behaving rats.
  • Utilizing a dynamical method to compute coherence and estimate functional coupling during spontaneous activity.
  • Administering scopolamine, a cholinergic antagonist, to assess its effects on neural coupling.

Main Results:

  • A distinct hierarchy of coupling strength was observed among the studied olfactory structures.
  • Functional coupling showed dissociation within the piriform cortex, with the PPC more tightly coupled to the EC than the APC.
  • Scopolamine administration indicated that cortico-cortical connections, rather than external synchronizers, are the primary mediators of tonic coupling, with an exception between the OB and APC.

Conclusions:

  • The findings highlight a specific hierarchical organization of functional coupling within the central olfactory pathways.
  • The dissociation within the piriform cortex suggests distinct roles for its anterior and posterior parts in olfactory processing.
  • Cholinergic systems, particularly cortico-cortical connections, are vital for maintaining tonic synchrony in the olfactory network, underscoring the importance of intrinsic neural communication.