Impedance characteristics of a neuromusculoskeletal model of the human arm II. Movement control

The modulation of neuromusculoskeletal impedance during movements is analysed using a motor control model of the human arm. The motor control system combines feedback and feedforward control and both control modes are determined in one optimization process. In the model, the stiffness varies at the double movement frequency for 2-Hz oscillatory elbow movements and has high values at the movement reversals. During goal-directed two-degrees-of-freedom arm movements, the stiffness is decreased during the movement and may be increased in the initial and final phases, depending on the movement velocity. The stiffness has a considerable curl during the movement, as was also observed in experimental data. The dynamic stiffness patterns of the model can be explained basically by the alpha-gamma coactivation scheme where feedback gains covary with motor control signals. In addition to the modulation of the gain factors, it is argued that the variation of the intrinsic stiffness has a considerable effect on movement control, especially during fast movements.