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Development of acellular pertussis vaccines
1Laboratory of Bacterial Toxins, Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Health, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162, Japan.
Summary
A safer acellular pertussis vaccine, developed using Bordetella pertussis antigens like pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), has virtually eliminated pertussis in Japan. The PT toxoid is identified as the key protective antigen.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Microbiology
- Vaccinology
Background:
- The development of pertussis vaccines has evolved from whole-cell to acellular formulations.
- Early research identified protective antigens of Bordetella pertussis, including pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA).
- Concerns regarding side effects from whole-cell vaccines, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever, prompted the development of acellular alternatives.
Purpose of the Study:
- To detail the development and efficacy of an acellular pertussis vaccine.
- To evaluate the role of specific antigens, particularly PT toxoid, in vaccine-induced immunity.
- To assess the impact of acellular pertussis vaccination on disease incidence.
Main Methods:
- Isolation and characterization of Bordetella pertussis protective antigens in mice.
- Development of an acellular vaccine using purified PT and FHA, with detoxified PT.
- Active and passive immunization studies in mice using purified antigens and antibodies.
- Surveillance of adverse reactions and pertussis incidence post-vaccination.
Main Results:
- An acellular pertussis vaccine, primarily containing detoxified PT and FHA, was developed and approved in Japan in 1981.
- The vaccine demonstrated improved safety and efficacy, leading to rare adverse reactions and near elimination of pertussis.
- Studies confirmed PT toxoid as the major and essential protective antigen in the vaccine.
- Quantitative data on vaccine-induced immunity was obtained through active and passive immunization models.
Conclusions:
- The acellular pertussis vaccine represents a significant advancement in pertussis prevention.
- Pertussis toxin toxoid is sufficient for protection against Bordetella pertussis infection.
- Widespread adoption of this vaccine has dramatically reduced pertussis incidence and improved public health outcomes.