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A chondral modeling theory revisited.

M W Hamrick1

  • 1Department of Anthropology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA. mhamrick@kent.edu

Journal of Theoretical Biology
|December 22, 1999
PubMed
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Joint cartilage adapts to changing mechanical loads during growth, maintaining function. This expanded chondral modeling theory explains how hydrostatic pressure from muscle activity regulates cartilage growth and joint shape throughout development.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Limb joint mechanical environments change during growth due to alterations in muscle, tendon, bone dimensions, and body mass.
  • Maintaining normal joint function requires corresponding changes in joint surface size and shape throughout postnatal development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To expand upon Frost's chondral modeling theory by integrating new findings on stress distribution, chondrocyte response to mechanical deformation, and articular cartilage development.
  • To propose a model where muscular contraction during locomotion generates hydrostatic pressure in articular cartilage, influencing chondrocyte metabolism and cartilage growth.

Main Methods:

  • Incorporation of recent research on stress distribution in developing joints.
  • Analysis of chondrocyte responses to mechanically induced deformation.

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  • Consideration of articular cartilage development processes.

    • Main Results:

    • The proposed model predicts that fluctuating hydrostatic pressure within articular cartilage results from muscular contractions during post-natal locomotor development.
    • Peak hydrostatic pressure levels in articular cartilage are predicted to increase from birth to adulthood.
    • Mechanically induced hydrostatic pressure regulates chondrocyte metabolic activity and site-specific cartilage growth rates, influenced by loading vectors.

    Conclusions:

    • The chondral modeling response maintains normal kinematic pathways as joint loads change during ontogeny.
    • This theory explains ontogenetic scaling patterns in mammalian limb joint curvature.
    • The chondral modeling response is a key physiological mechanism ensuring the alignment of skeletal structure, function, and locomotor performance across mammalian ontogeny and phylogeny.