Reptilian melanomacrophages function under conditions of hypothermia: observations on phagocytic behavior

Melanomacrophages (MMs) were removed from livers of turtles of three North American families and cultured. J774 mammalian macrophages were similarly cultured and the MMs were exposed to E. coli(fluor) at approximately 2, 7, 27, and 37 degrees C. At least one third of the MMs continued to function at the low temperatures where less than 2% of the mammalian cells incorporated bacteria deeply into the cytoplasm. In most instances, when the bacteria were not internalized deeply into the cytoplasm, they became stationary just inside, or within, the cell membrane. The MMs were significantly less efficient than the mammalian cells at 37 degrees C and significantly more efficient at 2 and 7 degrees C. In general, it appears that MMs are never as efficient as mammalian macrophages under the most ideal temperatures for the cell but they are capable of functioning at reasonable levels at temperature extremes. The observations are suggestive of a genetic mechanism functioning in the MMs that is rarely expressed in J774 cells under conditions of hypothermia. MMs in vitro and probably in vivo consume bacteria, fungi, attach to helminth eggs, and consume old erythrocytes.