Constancy scaling and conflict when the Zöllner illusion is seen in three dimensions

If a standard Zöllner illusion is seen as a staircase in depth, pairs of long lines flanking convex stair edges appear to diverge as usual, but divergence in pairs flanking concave edges can appear reduced. If the stair is reversed perceptually in the manner of the Schröder staircase, convex and concave shapes exchange and the extent of apparent divergence in the long line pairs exchanges with them. The effect is enhanced if explicit stair edges are added, and reduced if the standard Zöllner pattern is replaced by one in which segments of the long lines are offset in the direction of the usual illusory effect. The observations suggest that the three-dimensional potential of the pattern cannot be excluded from explanations of the illusion, and are compatible with the view of Gregory and Harris that inappropriate constancy scaling is its primary cause, triggered 'bottom-up' by pattern properties or 'top-down' by cognitive inference. However, these two mechanisms would have to be acting in conflict to generate suppression of divergence in the concave steps. Pattern processing for properties, such as orientation, that are not associated with the potential of the Zöllner illusion as a three-dimensional configuration, but that have been suggested as sources of the illusion in recent studies, could also be acting in opposition to hypothesis scaling in the concave steps.