cAMP-dependent protein kinase control of plasma membrane lipid architecture in boar sperm

Bicarbonate/CO(2), a physiological effector of sperm capacitation, has been shown to induce a rapid and reversible change in the lipid architecture of the plasma membrane of live boar sperm: the change is detectable as an increase in the cells' ability to bind the fluorescent dye merocyanine, a characteristic which implied an increase in lipid packing disorder (Harrison et al. 1996. Mol Reprod Dev 45:378-391). Evidence suggested that cAMP may act as a second messenger in the system, and we have therefore investigated this cAMP-dependency in more detail. Bicarbonate stimulates cAMP levels within 1 min in a dose-dependent fashion, prior to parallel increases in merocyanine binding. Although the potent somatic cell adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin is unable to induce significant increases in cAMP or merocyanine binding, increases in merocyanine binding are inducible in a dose-dependent fashion by 5, 6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole 3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate, a cAMP analogue highly specific in its ability to stimulate protein kinase A; moreover, the bicarbonate-induced membrane change is inhibited by H89, a specific protein kinase A inhibitor. Neither bisindolylmaleimide I (protein kinase C inhibitor) nor lavendustin A (protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor) are inhibitory. In the presence of low levels of the potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor papaverine, increases in merocyanine binding are enhanced by okadaic acid and (more effectively) by calyculin (both protein phosphatase inhibitors). We conclude that boar sperm plasma membrane lipid architecture is controlled via a target protein that is dynamically phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase and dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase type 1. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 55:220-228, 2000.