Area x-ray beam equalization for digital angiography

An area beam equalization technique has been investigated in order to generate patient-specific compensating filters for digital angiography. An initial image was used to generate the compensating filter, which was fabricated using a deformable compensating material, containing CeO2, and an array of square pistons. The CeO2 attenuator thicknesses were calculated using the gray level information from the initial unequalized image. The array of pistons was pressed against a uniform thickness of attenuating material to generate a filter for x-ray beam equalization. The filter was subsequently inserted into the x-ray beam for the final equalized radiograph. It was positioned close to the focal spot (magnification of 8.0) in order to minimize edge artifacts from the filter. The equalization of x-ray transmission across the field exiting from the object significantly improved the image quality by preserving local contrast throughout the image. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) in the equalized images was increased-by up to fivefold. Phantom studies indicate that equalized images using a relatively small array of pistons (e.g., 8 x 8) produce significant improvement in image quality with negligible perceptible artifacts. Animal studies showed that beam equalization significantly improved fluoroscopic and angiographic image quality. X-ray beam equalization produced an image with a relatively uniform scatter-glare intensity and it reduced the scatter-glare fraction in the previously underpenetrated region of the image from 0.65 to 0.50. Also, x-ray tube loading due to the mask assembly itself was negligible. In conclusion, area beam equalization reduces the scatter-glare fraction and significantly improves CNR in the previously underpenetrated region of the image.