Fetal hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

In utero hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (IUHSCTx) is a promising approach for the treatment of a potentially large number of fetuses affected by congenital hematologic disorders. With technical and molecular advances in prenatal diagnosis, the majority of these diseases can now be diagnosed early in gestation, allowing consideration of prenatal treatment. In addition, technical advances in fetal imaging and intervention make it possible to perform the transplants with relatively minimal risk. It, therefore, stands to reason that there is increasing interest in performing in utero hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at many fetal treatment centers. Although the approach remains experimentally promising, expansion of clinical application will depend on improved understanding of the biological barriers to engraftment in the fetus as well as the development of effective clinical strategies based on the hematopoietic biology of individual disorders. This article presents the current status of this emerging therapeutic approach.