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Updated: Aug 7, 2026
Patch-clamp Capacitance Measurements and Ca2+ Imaging at Single Nerve Terminals in Retinal Slices
Published on: January 19, 2012
Characterization with barium of potassium currents in turtle retinal Müller cells
E Solessio1, D M Linn, I Perlman
1Department of Ophthalmology, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
Abstract:
Müller cells are highly permeable to potassium ions and play a crucial role in maintaining potassium homeostasis in the vertebrate retina. The potassium current found in turtle Müller cells consists of two components: an inwardly rectifying component and a linear, passive component. These currents are insensitive to broadband potassium channel blockers, tetraethylammonium (TEA) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and well blocked by barium. Differential block by the polyamine spermine suggests that these currents flow through different channels. In this study, we used barium ions as a probe to investigate the properties of these currents by whole cell, voltage-clamp recordings from isolated cells. Current-voltage (I-V) relationships generated from current responses to short (35 ms) and long (3.5 s) voltage pulses were fit with the Hill equation. With extracellular barium, the time course of block and unblock was voltage and concentration dependent and could be fit with single exponential functions and time constants larger than 100 ms. Blocking effects by extracellular barium on the two types of currents were indistinguishable. The decrease of the outward current originates in part due to charge effects. We also found that intracellular barium was an effective blocker of the potassium currents. The relative block of the inward rectifier by intracellular barium suggests the existence of two "apparent" binding sites available for barium within the channel. Under depolarizing conditions favoring the block by internal polyamines, the Hill coefficient for barium binding was 1, indicating a single apparent binding site for barium within the pore of the passive linear conductance. The difference in the steepness of the blocking functions suggests that the potassium currents flow through two different types of channels, an inward rectifier and a linear passive conductance. Last, we consider the use of barium as an intracellular K(+) channel blocker for voltage-clamp experiments.
